Religious

The Stoics and Epicureans date from the Hellenistic period (ca. 323 BC 31 BC), and both schools were heavily influenced by the philosophy of...

The golden age of Chinese philosophy dates from the birth of Confucius (551 BC) until China was unified (and learning suppressed) in 221 BC. ...

With Friedrich Nietzsche, philosophy was dangerous not only for philosophers but for everyone. Nietzsche ended up going mad, but his ideas pr...

Immanuel Kant taught and wrote prolifically about physical geography yet never traveled further than forty miles from his home in Knigsberg. ...

Though Socrates left no written works, there were many ancient accounts of his life and his philosophy. The most important of the surviving a...

Twentiethcentury European philosophy has grown out of two movements: existentialism (emphasizing the everyday turmoil of living) and phenomen...

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In an age when philosophers had scarcely glimpsed the horizons of the mind, a boy named Aristocles decided to forgo his ambitions as a wrest...

Kierkegaard wasnt really a philosopher in the academic sense. Yet he produced what many people expect of philosophy. He didnt write about the...

Aurelius Augustinus was a key figure in the transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. He lived at a time when no distinction wa...

In the late 13th century, this quiet reflective Dominican scholar concentrated his work on philosophical concerns that today would be conside...

Before Kant, philosophers had debated for centuries whether knowledge is derived from experience or reason. Kant says that both views are par...

Hegel created a vast speculative and idealistic philosophy, where truth is found not in the part but in the whole. Nature is an organic whole...

Rene' Descartes (15961650), the father of modern rationalism, abandoned traditional paths to knowledge and developed a new method of seeking ...

Voltaire and Rousseau offered opposing viewpoints on the major intellectual movement of their time: the Enlightenment. Like most Enlightenmen...

India has perhaps the oldest living philosophical tradition in the world. Its philosophies share five general characteristics: (1) an affirma...

Pragmatism is a uniquely American philosophy that tries to integrate the life of the mind with the rest of human experience by stressing how ...

The 20th century English philosophers Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead will be forever linked by their collaboration of Principia ...

Simone de Beauvoir is best known for her association with the French Existentialist movement of the 1940s (a close relationship with JeanPaul...

In St. Augustine in 90 Minutes, Paul Strathern offers a concise, expert account of St. Augustines life and ideas and explains their influence...

Aristotle wrote on everything from the shape of seashells to sterility, from speculations on the nature of the soul to meteorology, poetry, a...

In Hume in 90 Minutes, Paul Strathern offers a concise, expert account of Humes life and ideas and explains their influence on mans struggle ...

In Thomas Aquinas in 90 Minutes, Paul Strathern offers a concise, expert account of Aquinass life and ideas and explains their influence on m...

In Hegel in 90 Minutes, Paul Strathern offers a concise, expert account of Hegels life and ideas and explains their influence on mans struggl...

In Confucius in 90 Minutes, Paul Strathern offers a concise, expert account of Confuciuss life and ideas and explains their influence on mans...

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A Portuguese Jew living in Holland, Spinoza sought a life of "supreme and unending happiness". Unable to find deep satisfaction in the usual ...

David Hume sought to create a comprehensive "science of man" in order to understand human nature and human actions. He saw a constant social ...

For Kierkegaard, truth is a subjective reality which we must live, not simply something to consider and discuss. His selfconsciousness and se...

Nietzsche condemned nearly all of the religious and philosophical thought of his day to blunt terms (e.g., God is dead). He says the only rea...

John Dewey wants philosophy to rise above old tired disputes to address new, more vital questions and problems. His views are known as "pragm...

Sartre's existentialism faces the evil in human existence and sees that humans are responsible for it. He doubts man can make moral progress,...

In the folklore of Eastern European Jewry, a dybbuk is a wandering soul that comes to rest in the body of a living person. In this case, the ...

What One Man Said to Another is a series of conversations between friends. It is also a sparkling and profoundly insightful reminiscence of R...

If we accept Wittgensteins word for it, Paul Strathern writes, he is the last philosopher. In his view, philosophy in the traditional sense w...

Ren Descartes spent most of his childhood in solitude, a situation that also came to characterize his adult life. Fortunately, these countles...

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In Schopenhauer in 90 Minutes, Paul Strathern offers a concise, expert account of Schopenhauers life and ideas and explains their influence o...

In Heidegger in 90 Minutes, Paul Strathern offers a concise, expert account of Heideggers life and ideas and explains their influence on mans...